Preparation of strong, water retention, and multifunctional soybean flour-based adhesive inspired by lobster shells and milk skin

The development of a water-retaining soybean flour-based adhesive with high water resistance, interfacial adhesion and milde resistance is significant in replacing petroleum-based aldehydebased resin. Drawing inspiration from lobster shells, soybean flour (SF), selfsynthesized epoxy hyperbranched hydroxyethyl cellulose (EH) and calcium phosphate (CaP) oligomers were employed to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid composite adhesives based on hyperbranched structure. The EH component, abundant in active groups, enhanced the interfacial adhesion of the adhesives and served as an organic carrier for the mineralization of CaP oligomers. Prior to adhesive solidification, CaP oligomers mineralized to form an inorganic film akin to milk skin, which prevented water evaporation, resulting in a water retention time of 100 min for the adhesive. During adhesive curing, CaP oligomers with fluid-like behavior polymerized and mineralized, ultimately forming a continuous inorganic network of CaP crystals. This network, combined with the organic substrates (SF and EH), constituted an organic-inorganic hybrid structure, which bolstered the water and mildew resistance (20 days) of the adhesives. The prepressing intensity and wet shear strength of the resultant plywood increased by 168% and 396% to 0.67 MPa and 1.39 MPa, respectively, compared to those of the unmodified adhesive. The strength reached the leading level of the reported soybean flour adhesives. The biomimetic strategy employed here can be extended to high-performance gels and membrane materials, offering a novel modification approach for bio-composites.