Integration of physical and advanced oxidation processes for treatment and reuse of textile dye-bath effluents with minimum area footprint

Amidst the exponential industrialization and global economy, the textile sector has been considered a grave concern worldwide in terms of effluent discharge, and high-water consumption that ultimately causes water pollution. Conventional treatment technologies have over 100 times more water footprint, high capital cost, time-intensive, high material usage, land issue, high infrastructure, and manpower consumption than the advanced oxidation processes. The current study primarily examines the most sustainable approach for treating textile dye-bath effluents through combined physical and advanced oxidation technologies, providing a comprehensive literature survey about treatment techniques. First, it explores the physical treatment processes with electrocoagulation, dissolved air flotation, lamella clarifier, and reverse osmosis stages. Secondly, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozonation, direct photolysis (UV), UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/O3, Fenton, and photo-Fenton system are also individually discussed, which showed significant results in the treatment ef-ficiency. Particularly, the integrated electrocoagulation process and AOPs are also ameliorated, which achieved the best eco-friendly treatment, time-effective, and reduce area footprint provided by numerous studies. The AOPs are required for almost 30 min for the treatment, whereas the biological treatment takes 24-72 h, which resultantly minimizes 25 times area footprint, minimum electricity consumption, and high removal efficiency. Lastly, cost estimation and policy formulation of the effluent treatment plants at the national level are also demonstrated to prevent the toxicity of treatment practices in textile industries. Overall, the current investigation of integrated treatment technologies illustrated a promising alternative and environmental-friendly area foot-print, which could be readily promulgated towards the sustainable treatment and reuse of textile dye-bath effluents.