Soil function indicators are influenced by land use of different ages: A case study in a semi-arid region

Soil function refers to all the roles and services that the soil performs, and can be assessed by measuring physical, chemical and biological properties. In any case, studies on the state of fertility and biological activities are now emphasized as in-dicators of soil functions. Degradation of rangelands and their conversion to agricultural land is one of the most common land use changes in different parts of the world, with significant impacts on soil functions. Not much is known about the effects of land use change (especially rangeland to orchards of different ages) on soil function indicators in semi-arid areas. In the current study, the following five types of land covers were considered in a semi-arid region of northern Iran: (1) enclosured rangeland, (2) 10-year-old apple orchard, (3) 25-year-old apple orchard, (4) 10-year-old walnut orchard, and (5) 25-year-old walnut orchard. Results showed that the apple orchards (25-year-old) had a more fertile soil and a higher biological activity than the other land uses studied. Based on heat plots of soil properties under different land uses, the apple orchards (25-year-old) formed hot spots of soil functional indicators in the study area, followed by the walnut orchard (25-year-old) > enclosured rangeland > apple orchard (10-year-old) > walnut orchard (10-year-old). Although the conversion of natural lands (i.e., rangelands) to anthropogenic ones (i.e., orchards) is generally associated with negative feedbacks, tree species can be used (by creating forested rangeland or a combination of rangeland -agriculture) in areas with low soil function to improve soil conditions (in the long term).