Wearable devices for glucose monitoring: A review of state-of-the-art technologies and emerging trends

Diabetes is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood glucose levels and can cause damage to multiple organs over time. Continuous monitoring of glucose levels is essential for both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. There have been major developments in glucose monitoring technology over the past decade, which have been driven by research and industry efforts. Despite these significant advancements, the area of glucose biosensors still faces significant challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the latest glucose monitoring technologies, including invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive methods. Subsequently, we bring together the electronic components, wireless communication technologies, and energy harvesting opportunities, along with the limitations and challenges associated with current glucose monitoring solutions. This is followed by highlighting the potential integration of health records generated by continuous glucose monitors and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to define precise diabetes management protocols. This integration achieves accurate results with constrained prediction horizons employing a time series of continuous glucose readings. The paper emphasizes the need for further advancements in glucose monitoring technology to improve diabetes management and address the critical need in clinical practice for improved glucose monitoring technologies with translational implications.