Outcomes and risk factors for failure after debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention for elbow periprosthetic joint infection

Background: Evidence for the management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total elbow arthroplasty is sparse, particularly in regard to debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR). This study explored the outcomes of DAIR and analyzed risk factors for failure. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients 18 years or older diagnosed with elbow PJI and managed with DAIR between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2018, at a single institution was performed. Twenty-six elbows met the inclusion criteria during the study period. All DAIR procedures included in this study represented an attempt to manage an acute PJI with surgical irrigation and debridement without removal of the elbow arthroplasty components, followed by long-term systemic antimicrobial therapy. DAIR failure was defined as recurrence of PJI, unplanned re-operation for infection, or death secondary to infection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify possible risk factors for failure. Results: DAIR failed in 17 cases of elbow PJI with a failure rate of 65% at 2 years (95% confidence interval: 41.3%-79.6%). The median time to failure from DAIR was 43 days (interquartile range: 27-114). We found that DAIR failed in all cases with sinus tracts or negative cultures. The group with favorable outcomes had a shorter median duration of symptoms (5 vs. 18 days, P = .65) and a higher proportion of monomicrobial infections (58.8% vs. 88.9%, P = .19) compared to those with unfavorable outcomes. However, with the numbers available, none of the possible risk factors analyzed for association with failure reached statistical significance. Conclusion: DAIR for elbow PJI was associated with high rates of failure. Possible risk factors for failure may include the presence of sinus tract, longer duration of symptoms, and culture-negative infection. Although the relatively low morbidity of DAIR compared with total elbow arthroplasty implant resection for a one-stage or two-stage reimplantation is attractive, patients considered for DAIR must know that the chance of success is limited to approximately 35%. (C) 2022 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. All rights reserved.