Biomethane production as a green energy source from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste: A state-of-the-art review

The ever-increasing demand for space and financial resources to manage existing and future municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills has become a significant obstacle in many countries. Landfills can negatively affect the ecosystem, including pollution and releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. Recently, interest has increased in recovering methane (CH4) from the anaerobic digestion of solid waste, which promises an improvement in MSW management. This study examines the state-of-the-art anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste as a treatment strategy for preventing trash from dumping in landfills. This research also includes the concept of making environmentally friendly biomethane from MSW. The effects of graphene, carbon nanomaterial, and biochar as additives, as well as the effects of microorganisms and environmental factors on the efficiency of the process, have been studied in detail. The essential results of this study show that anaerobic digestion could be an effective method to convert raw municipal solid waste into valuable products like biomethane and other energy-rich compounds, which may contribute to addressing the world's growing continuous energy needs in the future.