Class, religion and socialist parties: The unpredicted effect of (a)religious voting

In recent years, academic literature has stressed the declining importance of social class and religion as determinants of vote. In particular, many scholars have found that the working-class vote is no longer mostly addressed to socialist parties, whereas religious people still massively support confessional and conservative parties. This article explores the actual resilience of the two cleavages with particular attention to the relationship between religion and socialist parties. Our analysis, based on European Social Survey (ESS) data covering 13 West European countries in the period 2002-2014, proves that 'a-religiosity' - negative attitudes towards religion - has overcome social class as the determinant of a socialist vote, thanks to the emergence of a divisive ethical-moral agenda. This process is more visible in those countries where the Church and religious associations play an active role in the political arena and the ethical-moral issues have been politicized, as in Catholic and multi-faith countries.