Therapists' perception of the working alliance, real relationship and therapeutic presence in in-person therapy versus tele-therapy

Objective:Although teletherapy is increasingly common, very little is known about its impact on therapeutic relationships. We aimed to examine differences between therapists' experiences of teletherapy and in-person therapy post-pandemic with regard to three variables pertinent to the therapeutic relationship: working alliance, real relationship, and therapeutic presence.Methods:In a sample of 826 practicing therapists, we examined these relationship variables, as well as potential moderators of these perceived differences including professional and patient characteristics and covid-related variables.Results:Therapists reported feeling significantly less present in teletherapy and their perceptions of the real relationship were somewhat impacted, but there were no average effects on their perceived quality of the working alliance. Perceived differences in the real relationship did not persist with clinical experience controlled. The relative reduction in therapeutic presence in teletherapy was driven by the ratings of process-oriented therapists and therapists conducting mostly individual therapy. Evidence for moderation by covid-related issues was also found, with larger perceived differences in the working alliance reported by therapists who used teletherapy because it was mandated and/or not by choice.Conclusion:Our findings might have important implications for generating awareness around the therapists' lowered sense of presence in teletherapy compared to in-person teletherapy.