Two-dimensional materials for bone-tissue engineering

There are diverse diseases such as some infections, trauma, and tumor resections during cancer surgery that can cause bone damage or skeletal defects in persons. Most of the time, these defects cannot heal spontaneously due to several medical conditions that patients encounter, like diabetes, hormone-related problems, and autoimmune disorders. This issue is even worse for older people and some special treatments should be provided for them. Bone-tissue engineering has emerged to tackle these challenges. By investigating bone repair strategies, studying bone structures and biomechanics, and employing appropriate growth factors, suitable scaffolds, and biomaterial-centered regenerative approaches can be employed to treat bone defects more effectively. This study reviews some recent bone-tissue-engineering strategies relying on two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus, and MXenes that are exhibiting a great potential in regenerative medicine.