[1] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Incent & Behav Econ, Philadelphia, PA USA
[2] Philadelphia Coll Osteopath Med, Sch Profess & Appl Psychol, Dept Clin Psychol, Philadelphia, PA USA
[3] Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH USA
[4] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Ctr Emergency Care Policy & Res, Philadelphia, PA USA
[5] Penn Med, Ctr Healthcare Transformat & Innovat, Philadelphia, PA USA
[6] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Emergency Med, 423 Guardian Dr,414 Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19146 USA