Etomidate as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

Purpose: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate if etomidate impacted mor-tality in critically ill adults when compared with other induction agents.Materials and methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials which compared etomidate with any other induction agent in critically ill adult patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. The primary outcome was mortality at the main timepoint defined by the study. We conducted a fixed-effects meta-analysis for the risk ratio. Using that risk ratio and 95% con-fidence interval, we then estimated the probability of any harm (RR > 1) and the number needed to harm <= 100 (RR >= 1.05).Results: We included 11 randomized trials comprising 2704 patients. We found that etomidate increased mor-tality (319/1359 [23%] vs. 267/1345 [20%]; risk ratio (RR) = 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.33; P = 0.03; I2 = 0%; number needed to harm = 31). The probabilities of any increase and a 1% increase (NNH <= 100) in mortality were 98.1% and 92.1%, respectively.Conclusions: This meta-analysis found a high probability that etomidate increases mortality when used as an induction agent in critically ill patients with a number needed to harm of 31.