Green synthesis: an eco friendly approach for metallic nanoparticles synthesis

Nanotechnology is an emerging field with diverse applications, wherein materials ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm, referred to as nanoparticles (NPs), are utilized. Traditional methods for producing metallic NPs primarily involve chemical processes, which can result in unintended outcomes. To overcome these challenges, a greener alternative, known as green synthesis, has been developed. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has emerged as an innovative and environmentally friendly approach in nanotechnology. Utilizing plant extracts, microorganisms, and biopolymers as reducing and stabilizing agents, researchers have successfully prepared various metallic nanoparticles, such as silver, copper, gold, platinum, and palladium nanoparticles. These green methods offer advantages like cost-effectiveness, reduced environmental impact, and facile scalability. This method ensures eco-friendliness by implementing techniques such as the use of safe, nontoxic solvents (such as supercritical fluids and water) and additives like polysaccharides. Different reaction conditions and energy-saving growth methods are also employed to enhance sustainability. Nanoparticles synthesized through green methods exhibit unique properties, rendering them highly suitable for diverse applications, including catalysis, medicine, and energy technologies. This review paper explores recent advances in the biosynthesis of various metallic nanoparticles at the nanoscale and also highlights the different factors that affect their synthesis and possible applications of these nanoparticles.