Decrotonylation of AKT1 promotes AKT1 phosphorylation and activation during myogenic differentiation

Introduction: Myogenic differentiation plays an important role in pathophysiological processes including muscle injury and regeneration, as well as muscle atrophy. A novel type of posttranslational modification, crotonylation, has been reported to play a role in stem cell differentiation and disease. However, the role of crotonylation in myogenic differentiation has not been clarified.Objectives: This study aims to find the role of crotonylation during myogenic differentiation and explore whether it is a potential target in myogenic dysfunction disease.Methods: C2C12 cell line and skeletal muscle mesenchymal progenitors of Mus musculus were used for myogenic process study in vitro, while muscle injury model of mice was used for in vivo muscle regeneration study. Mass spectrometry favored in discovery of potential target protein of crotonylation and its specific sites.Results: We confirmed the gradual decrease in total protein crotonylation level during muscle differen-tiation and found decreased crotonylation of AKT1, which facilitated an increase in AKT1 phosphoryla-tion. Then we verified that crotonylation of AKT1 at specific sites weakened its binding with PDK1 and impaired its phosphorylation. In addition, we found that increased expression of the crotonylation eraser HDAC3 decreased AKT1 crotonylation levels during myogenic differentiation, jointly promoting myo-genic differentiation.Conclusion: Our study highlights the important role of decrotonylation of AKT1 in the process of muscle differentiation, where it aids the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1 and promotes myogenic differ-entiation. This is of great significance for exploring the pathophysiological process of muscle injury repair and sarcopenia.& COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).