Some Slippage Issues in High-Pressure Torsion Using Cu and Ti Samples as an Example

The effect of slippage during High Pressure Torsion (HPT) of technically pure Ti and pure Cu samples was investigated. The "joint torsion of the disk halves" method was used to evaluate the effect of slippage. It was shown that slippage starts already at the early stages of HPT. With a further increase in the number of revolutions n, the slippage effect increases, and no torsional deformation occurs after n = 5. The slippage effect is explained by analyzing the surface friction forces between the sample and the anvil. However, studies via TEM and XRD have shown that the structure of Ti samples after HPT at the investigated conditions is grinded to a nanocrystalline state. A structure is formed in Ti similar to that observed after HPT by other authors. The dislocation density increases with increasing HPT degree from n = 5 to n = 10 revolutions, despite slippage. Consequently, despite slippage at HPT at n >= 5, deformation still occurs. The following assumptions are made to explain the accumulated strain in the sample at HPT. It is assumed that the planes of the upper and lower anvil during HPT are at a slight inclination relative to each other. Computer modeling using the Deform 3D software package has shown that this leads to the accumulations of significant strain during HPT.