Integration and Implementation of Patient-Reported Outcomes: A Prospective, Observational Clinical Quality Improvement Study

Background:Implementation of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) represents a critical barrier to their widespread use and poses challenges to workflow and patient satisfaction. The authors sought to implement PRO surveys into surgical practice and identify principles for successful and broader implementation. Methods:Outpatient surgical encounters from 2016 through 2019 related to hernia, breast surgery, or postbariatric body contouring were assessed with the Abdominal Hernia-Q, BREAST-Q, or BODY-Q surveys, respectively. Outcomes were implementation rates per quarter and time to optimal implementation (>= 80%). Successful implementation principles were identified during the first implemented PRO instrument and applied to subsequent ones. Logistic regression models were used to estimate increase in rate of implementation per quarter by instrument controlling for clinic volume. Risk-adjusted generalized linear models determined predicted mean differences in total clinic time and patient satisfaction. Results:A total of 1206 encounters were identified. The overall survey implementation rate increased from 15% in the first quarter to 90% in the last quarter (P < 0.01). Abdominal Hernia-Q optimal implementation was reached by 15 months. Principles for successful implementation of PROs were workflow optimization, appropriate patient selection, staff engagement, and electronic survey integration. Consistent application of these principles optimized time to optimal implementation for BREAST-Q [9 months; 18.1% increase in implementation per quarter (95% CI, 1.5 to 37.5); P < 0.01] and BODY-Q [3 months; 56.3% increase in implementation per quarter (95% CI, 26.8 to 92.6); P = 0.03]. Neither patient clinic time (P = 0.16) nor patient satisfaction differed during the implementation of PROs process (P = 0.98). Conclusions:Prospective implementation of PROs can be achieved in surgical practice without an adverse effect on patient satisfaction or workflow. The proposed principles of implementation may be used to optimize efficiency for implementation of PROs.