User security authentication protocol in multi gateway scenarios of the Internet of Things

5G technology has been applied and popularized, leading to the widespread usage of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various areas such as intelligent transportation, home security, fire protection, industrial monitoring, healthcare, and data collection intelligence. Data sharing is one of the key factors for successful application in these fields. However, real-time data sharing through open channels may result in transmitted messages being illegally accessed by attackers, leading to privacy breaches. At present, most existing authentication schemes focus on single gateway authentication models. In order to overcome issues such as elevated communication overhead, reduced network performance, and inefficient cross -domain access in the single gateway model with larger network sizes, we introduce a multi -gateway lightweight authentication scheme as a solution. Firstly, our scheme is based on a three -factor authentication scheme of Chebyshev chaotic mapping, hash function, and XOR operation. This scheme achieves secure authentication between sensor nodes and users, establishes session keys, and also supports user key updates. Secondly, through security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme resists internal disguise attacks, sensor capture attacks, temporary secret leakage attacks, and achieves forward security of session keys. We additionally provide a demonstration of the semantic security of session keys by utilizing a Random Oracle Model (ROM). Finally, compared to other schemes, the results show that our proposed scheme has lower communication overhead and computational resource requirements, and is more in line with the requirements of lightweight device security authentication in the IoT.