Seasonal characteristics of emission, distribution, and radiative effect of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific Ocean: an investigation with a coupled regional climate aerosol model

Organic aerosols from marine sources over the western Pacific Ocean of East Asia were investigated using an online coupled regional chemistry-climate model RIEMS-Chem for the entire year 2014. Model evaluation against a wide variety of observations from research cruises and in situ measurements demonstrated a good skill of the model in simulating temporal variation and spatial distribution of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 and 10 mu m (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), sodium, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the marine atmosphere. The inclusion of marine organic aerosols improved model performance on OC concentration by reducing model biases of up to 20 %. The regional and annual mean near-surface marine organic aerosol (MOA) concentration was estimated to be 0.27 mu g m - 3 , with the maximum in spring and the minimum in winter, and contributed 26 % of the total organic aerosol concentration on average over the western Pacific. Marine primary organic aerosol (MPOA) accounted for the majority of marine organic aerosol (MOA) mass, and the MPOA concentration exhibited the maximum in autumn and the minimum in summer, whereas marine secondary organic aerosol (MSOA) was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than MPOA, having a distinct summer maximum and a winter minimum. MOA induced a direct radiative effect (DRE MOA ) of - 0.27 W m - 2 and an indirect radiative effect (IRE MOA ) of - 0.66 W m - 2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) in terms of annual and oceanic average over the western Pacific, with the highest seasonal mean IRE MOA up to - 0.94 W m - 2 in spring. IRE MOA was stronger than, but in a similar magnitude to, the IRE due to sea salt aerosol on average, and it was approximately 9 % of the IRE due to anthropogenic aerosols in terms of annual mean over the western Pacific. This ratio increased to 19 % in the northern parts of the western Pacific in autumn. This study reveals an important role of MOA in perturbing cloud properties and shortwave radiation fluxes in the western Pacific of East Asia.