An IoT-based forest fire detection system: design and testing

According to the most current Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) report, from 2003 and 2012, there were about 67 MHa of forest fires each year, with 98 MHa of the total occurring in 2015. IoT applications like real-time forest monitoring systems can assist to mitigate the growing environmental effect of forest fires. The research paper presents an IoT-enabled fire management system for active forest fire occurrences. The study focuses on the core design criteria, peer-to-peer networking, and optimizations of all components that form the foundation of a low-cost IoT device prototype, exploiting the benefits of a permanent on-site forest fire monitoring system. During major failures (such sensor node breakdown or destruction due to fire), the system has been put to the test in real time for a forest area adjacent to Peer Sohana, Punjab, India, to ensure its integrity and efficacy. It has been discovered that using LoRa for field communication has increased network lifetime by approximately 1.04 years when compared to other methods described in the literature and decreased the cost of hardware infrastructure due to an increased communication range of 60 meters to 330 meters when using a 2 dBm omnidirectional antenna. Additionally, the PRR effectiveness of various network configurations was examined, and the suggested solution was able to transfer more packets with considerable PRR of 70%-100%.