Etiology and microbiological diagnosis of cardiac implantable electronic device infections

The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices is rapidly increasing in last years, particularly in older patients and those with significant comorbidities, leading to a higher risk of complications, including infection. In this regard, the detection and identification of the causative microorganisms is crucial for an optimal antimicrobial treatment. In this review, we present the most recent clinical findings about the etiology and microbiological diagnosis of cardiac implantable electronic devices infections. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Cardiovascular y Endovascular. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).