Rainfall onset and cessation over Mozambique and relationship with sea surface temperature and atmospheric patterns

Mozambique is highly dependent on subsistence agriculture. Thus a climatology of rainfall onset and cessation is derived together with their interannual variability and trends using gridded daily data and station data. Mean onset is found to occur from early to mid-November over southernmost regions, mid-to late November over central regions and late November to early December over the northern and coastal regions while cessation is from mid to late March over southern and late March to early April over most of central and northern Mozambique. The two gridded datasets showed differences (similar to 30 days) in rainfall onset and cessation dates over southern Mozambique with standard deviations of 20-35 days. Timing of early onset over northern and central Mozambique appears associated with both zonal and meridional moisture convergence and tropical extratropical cloud bands, while timing of late onset is associated with southeast moisture fluxes from the subtropical South Indian Ocean and uplift over the landmass. Early (late) onset appears to be linked to La Nina (El Nino), particularly over central Mozambique. Rainfall cessation over most of Mozambique tends to be early (late) during El Nino (La Nina) summers. The relationship of ENSO with onset and cessation over large areas in Mozambique may help farmers and other user groups in planning their activities for the rainy season.