People beyond the border in the sandbars of Damodar River: understanding the people's management in a changing landscape, India

Sandbars are narrow ridges of sand formed by the river system in Bengal delta in eastern India. Some charlands or riverbeds of the Damodar River are situated along both its banks as well as in its central channel, offering habitats for both human populations and wildlife. Throughout its history, the river has been known as 'Sorrow of Bengal' owing to its frequent inundations and devastating impact. Since the partition of India in 1947, numerous sandbars have been colonized at various stages. Before partition, the area consisted of vast fields covered with bushes. This paper elaborates on the living conditions of marginalized people of Bangladesh and the local settlers who have inhabited the sandbars. They face a multitude of challenges, including safety concerns during storms, a lack of access to essential amenities like water, electricity, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities, as well as transportation difficulties. Sandbars are susceptible to flooding, necessitating frequent evacuations for the residents when massive floods occur. Additionally, these riverbeds are often geographically isolated from neighbouring landmasses. Despite these challenges, both refugees and local settlers have managed to adapt to life on these transient sandbars. The research also elucidates how communities often develop unique techniques and technologies to mitigate the challenges posed by the river. Finally, this study demonstrates that assessments of vulnerability and insecurity are arbitrary and insignificant; however, immediate survival is crucial.