Quantifying Multifrequency Ocean Altimeter Wind Speed Error Due to Sea Surface Temperature and Resulting Impacts on Satellite Sea Level Measurements

Surface wind speed measurements from a satellite radar altimeter are used to adjust altimeter sea level measurements via sea state bias range correction. We focus here on previously neglected ocean radar backscatter and subsequent wind speed variations due to sea surface temperature (SST) change that may impact these sea level estimates. The expected error depends on the radar operating frequency and may be significant at the Ka band (36 GHz) frequency chosen for the new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite launched in December 2022. SWOT is expected to revolutionize oceanography by providing wide-swath Ka band observations and enhanced spatial resolution compared to conventional Ku band (14 GHz) altimetry. The change to the Ka band suggests a reconsideration of SST impact on wind and sea level estimates, and we investigate this in advance of SWOT using existing long-term Ku and Ka band satellite altimeter datasets. This study finds errors up to 1.5 m/s in wind speed estimation and 1.0 cm in sea level for AltiKa altimeter data. Future SWOT data analyses may require consideration of this dependence prior to using its radar backscatter data in its sea level estimation.