Instrumental variables estimation: Assumptions, pitfalls, and guidelines

Researchers striving to ensure rigor in their scientific findings face a common pitfall: Endogeneity. To tackle this problem, scholars have increasingly adopted instrumental variables estimation (IVE). Although there are many published works showing how IVE should be used, many applied researchers still have trouble under-standing how to use the method correctly. In this article, we provide a methodological overview of IVE by dis-cussing the underlying conditions valid instruments must satisfy as well as common mistakes made in using IVE. Using simulated data, we further demonstrate the sensitivity of IVE to violations of its conditions. We then take stock of the literature in a social science discipline (i.e., leadership research) and provide insights regard-ing trends and shortcomings in the application of IVE. Based on our review, we categorize the different types of instruments used and discuss the potential appropriateness of each type. We conclude by providing non-tech-nical guidelines targeted at the study design, analysis, and reporting phases, which will help applied social science researchers to ensure they use IVE correctly.