Identification of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 as a heat-dependent myokine

The skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that produces proteins and peptides, collectively termed as myokines. The temperature of skeletal muscles varies during exercise and/or with changes in ambient temperature. However, whether myokine secretion is regulated by heat stimulation is unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of environmental heat stimulation on myokine secretion. We initially investigated the secretome of C2C12 myotubes and identified several novel heat-responsive myokines. The concentration of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) dramatically decreased by 0.3-fold in response to heat stress. After 3 h heat stimulation of C2C12 cells, the expression of heat shock protein 70 was induced, and the gene expression and secretion of CCL5 was significantly attenuated in C2C12 cells. We then examined the effects of acute heat stress on serum CCL5 levels in mice and Ccl5 gene expression in skeletal muscles. Mice were maintained at 23 degrees C, exposed to 45 degrees C for 30 min, and then returned to the 23 degrees C chamber for recovery. The expression of Ccl5 in the skeletal muscle significantly decreased after 3 h of recovery. Serum CCL5 levels increased by approximately 1.9-fold after 30 min of heat exposure and then significantly decreased by approximately 0.7-fold after 23 h of recovery. This study suggests that heat stimulation decreases CCL5 secretion from the skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. Given its fundamental role in inflammation by recruiting several immune cells, CCL5 has a potential role in controlling inflammatory responses in the body after heat stimulation.