Evaluating the Urban-Rural Differences in the Environmental Factors Affecting Amphibian Roadkill

Roads have major impacts on wildlife, and the most direct negative effect is through deadly collisions with vehicles, i.e., roadkill. Amphibians are the most frequently road-killed animal group. Due to the significant differences between urban and rural environments, the potential urban-rural differences in factors driving amphibian roadkill risks should be incorporated into the planning of mitigation measures. Drawing on a citizen-collected roadkill dataset from Taiwan island, we present a MaxEnt based modelling analysis to examine potential urban-rural differences in landscape features and environmental factors associated with amphibian road mortality. By incorporating with the Global Human Settlement Layer Settlement Model-an ancillary human settlement dataset divided by built-up area and population density-amphibian roadkill data were divided into urban and rural data sets, and then used to create separate models for urban and rural areas. Model diagnostics suggested good performance (all AUCs > 0.8) of both urban and rural models. Multiple variable importance evaluations revealed significant differences between urban and rural areas. The importance of environmental variables was evaluated based on percent contribution, permutation importance and the Jackknife test. According to the overall results, road density was found to be important in explaining the amphibian roadkill in rural areas, whilst precipitation of warmest quarter was found to best explain the amphibian roadkill in the urban context. The method and outputs illustrated in this study can be useful tools to better understand amphibian road mortality in urban and rural environments and to inform mitigation assessment and conservation planning.