Off-site construction with 3D concrete printing

The path to implementing successful, productive, and sustainable off-site 3D concrete printing building systems is unclear. To provide clarity, this paper aims to determine targeted actions for stakeholders in the construction industry. A systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis are conducted to identify driver-barriers of Off-site Construction (OSC) and 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP). Thirty-four stakeholder-linked targeted actions are determined and divided into industry, organisational, project, and system levels. The findings indicate the success of off-site 3DCP building systems is not exclusively dependent on the system performance and a variety of actions are required from multiple stakeholders. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for practical actions and further research to implement off-site 3DCP building systems in local construction industries.