In the current market, transparent appearance is becoming more popular and is increasingly used in product and packaging design (e.g., transparent frames). However, previous studies have focused on the effects of product transparency (transparent vs. opaque appearance) on food consumption quantity, product evaluation, purchase intention, and consumption decision. In comparison, there is a paucity of understanding of how consumers' brand perceptions are affected by product transparency and the underlying mechanisms of these effects. In the current research, we extend the extant literature by examining consumer perceptions and attitudes toward brands when faced with the appearance of products with different degrees of transparency. One pilot study and four studies were conducted to examine our hypotheses. The pilot study (n = 278) examined that the basic hypothesis of product transparency, such that the transparent (vs. opaque) appearance would be perceived as more interesting, and the opaque (vs. transparent) appearance would be perceived with a stronger heaviness. Experiment 1 (n = 186) investigated the main effects of product transparency on brand innovation perception and brand reliability perception, as well as the mediating effects of interestingness and heaviness. Experiment 2 (n = 304) used a moderation-of-process approach to further validate the moderation of product typicality in the process of product transparency influencing brand innovation perception. Experiment 3 (n = 368) examined the moderating role of product claims in the effect of product transparency on brand reliability perception. Experiment 4 (n = 240) examined the effect of product transparency on brand attitude and the moderating role of regulatory focus in the process. To document a robust effect, we varied the type of experimental material in five studies. Our investigation results suggest that transparent appearance (vs. opaque appearance) allows consumers to create a stronger perception of brand innovation through the increased perception of interestingness. Meanwhile, opaque appearance (vs. transparent appearance) makes consumers perceive stronger brand reliability through the increased perception of heaviness. The effect of product transparency on brand innovation perception is attenuated when the product is atypical (vs. typical), while the effect of product transparency on brand reliability perception would be weakened when the product is lightweight claim (vs. control group). Finally, we also find that promotion-oriented individuals prefer brands with transparent designs, while prevention-oriented individuals prefer brands with opaque designs. In summary, we bridge the gap in research related to product transparency by exploring the effects of product transparency on consumers' brand perceptions, as well as the mechanism of such an influence. Furthermore, this research also explored the moderating role of product typicality, product claim and regulatory focus in the process of product transparency affecting consumers' brand perceptions and attitudes, which also enriched the research on product typicality and product claim and regulatory focus. From a practice perspective, this research is an invaluable guide to the selection of a company's product appearance and the creation of a branding strategy.
