Importance of Foot and Leg Structure for Beef Cattle in Forage-Based Production Systems

Simple Summary Due to various selection pressures, beef cattle have been transformed in size and shape over the last seventy-five years. The increased demand for cattle performance has put extra stress on foot and leg structure. While some research has been performed in the dairy sector, little work has been conducted in extensive beef production systems on foot and leg structure. This review aims to present research on foot and leg structure to date, as well as stating the areas for potential future research. Understanding the relationship of foot angle and claw set to beef cattle structural soundness will be critical to the selection of animals that fit forage-based production systems. In an effort to address concerns about foot and leg structure, the American Angus Association's foot angle and foot claw set expected progeny differences (EPD) were developed in 2019. As a result, these relatively new EPD and associated guidelines have limited phenotypic data submitted thus far. While ample research has evaluated lameness and foot issues in the dairy breeds, less is known about the factors that affect foot structure in beef cattle. This review focuses on beef cattle foot and leg structure, selection factors that may have led to increased problems with feet and legs, and the importance of foot and leg structure in forage-based grazing production systems. Specifically, the importance of locomotion and freedom of movement in extensive rangeland environments is discussed relative to the current literature. In addition, environmental factors that may influence foot and leg structure are addressed as well as heritability of various aspects of foot and leg traits. Where possible, information gaps and research needs are identified to enhance further investigation and the improvement of foot and leg selection tools.