Simulation of Transient Topside Layer in the Martian Ionosphere

Many Mars missions, e.g., Mariner, Viking, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Express (MEX), and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN), have been launched to study the Martian atmosphere. These observations have improved our understanding of the ionosphere of Mars. Observations show that the Martian ionosphere could be divided into an M2 layer (at similar to 140 km altitude) and an M1 layer (at similar to 110 km altitude), ionized by EUV and X-ray solar radiation, respectively. However, there are still many scientific questions about the Martian ionosphere. A transient topsider layer (also called the M3 layer, at similar to 160-similar to 220 km) can frequently be measured above the M2 layer in the Martian ionosphere. The statistical characteristics of the M3 layer show that it is not irradiated by solar incident radiation. Many candidate mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of the M3 layer. However, the method of describing or modeling the M3 layer is still one of the many open scientific questions about the Martian ionosphere. This study used a one-dimensional model, including photochemical production, loss, and dynamic transport processes to simulate the transient topside layer in the Martian ionosphere. The M3 layer was reproduced by a perturbed vertical plasma drift in this study. The enhancement of the electron temperature induced by the dynamic process of plasma could facilitate the formation of the M3 layer. Our results show that the vertical transport process of plasma might be more crucial in producing the M3 layer in the topside Martian ionosphere.