Characterization of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under high-pressure, direct injection conditions

Ammonia has the potential to replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, ammonia is characterized by unfavorable combustion characteristics and a propensity to form pollutants during combustion. The pilot-ignited high pressure, direct-injection of ammonia is promising regarding its prospective performance with ammonia as fuel. In this work, optical investigations (Mie-scattering (MS), shadowgraphy (SG), OH* chemiluminescence (CL)) and heat release rate (HRR) analysis are complemented by 1-D spray modeling to provide fundamental insight into distinctive features of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under engine-relevant conditions in a rapid-compression-expansion-machine (RCEM). CL measure-ments reveal that ammonia spray flames do not stabilize after ignition by a diesel pilot injection. Instead, the lift-off length gradually increases until the end of injection and beyond. To aid in the interpretation of the lift-off behavior, a 1-D, mixing-limited spray model is validated by experimental results for ammonia spray penetration and stationary liquid length (LL) under non-reactive conditions. Modeling results reveal that ammonia sprays are marked by low temperatures close to the nozzle exit, followed by a rapid decrease in mean equivalence ratios well below 1. Based on a mechanism that suggests flame stabilization by product re -entrainment and subsequent auto-ignition, the inhibition of flame stabilization in ammonia sprays is explained by high mixing requirements with combustion products to undergo auto-ignition. Implications of the lack of a self-stabilized flame on combustion characteristics are discussed and diesel post-injections, fuel pre-heating and reduction of the natural lift-off length are suggested as measures to avoid extensive pollutant formation in regions upstream of the lift-off length after the end of ammonia injection.