Increasing Forest Cover and Connectivity Both Inside and Outside of Protected Areas in Southwestern Costa Rica

被引:1
|
作者
Brumberg, Hilary [1 ,2 ]
Furey, Samuel [3 ]
Bouffard, Marie G. [3 ,4 ,5 ]
Quiros, Maria Jose Mata [1 ]
Murayama, Hikari [3 ,6 ,7 ]
Neyestani, Soroush [3 ,8 ,9 ]
Pauline, Emily [3 ,10 ]
Whitworth, Andrew [1 ,11 ,12 ]
Madden, Marguerite [3 ]
机构
[1] Osa Conservat, Puerto Jimenez 60702, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
[2] Univ Colorado Boulder, Dept Environm Studies, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
[3] Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Ctr Geospatial Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA
[4] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[5] Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
[6] Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 92720 USA
[7] Univ Calif Berkeley, Goldman Sch Publ Policy, Global Policy Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[8] Univ Georgia, Sch Environm Civil Agr & Mech Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA
[9] Univ Calif, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
[10] S&P Global Sustainable1, Raleigh, NC 27601 USA
[11] Univ Glasgow, Inst Biodivers Anim Hlth & Comparat Med, Coll Med Vet & Life Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
[12] Wake Forest Univ, Ctr Energy Environm & Sustainabil, Winston Salem, NC 27106 USA
关键词
land use change; landscape metrics; Landsat; forest monitoring; forest connectivity; random forest; protected areas; payment for ecosystem services; Osa Peninsula; Costa Rica; ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES; OSA PENINSULA; VEGETATION INDEX; DYNAMICS; DEFORESTATION; LANDSCAPE; BIODIVERSITY; ECOTOURISM; NETWORKS; PAYMENTS;
D O I
10.3390/rs16061088
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
While protected areas (PAs) are an important conservation strategy to protect vulnerable ecosystems and species, recent analyses question their effectiveness in curbing deforestation and maintaining landscape connectivity. The spatial arrangement of forests inside and outside of PAs may affect ecosystem functioning and wildlife movement. The Osa Peninsula-and Costa Rica in general-are unique conservation case studies due to their high biodiversity, extensive PA network, environmental policies, and payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs. This study explores the relationship between forest management initiatives-specifically PAs, the 1996 Forest Law, and PES-and forest cover and landscape metrics in the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA). The Google Earth Engine API was used to process Surface Reflectance Tier 1 Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data for 1987, 1998, and 2019, years with relatively cloud-free satellite imagery. Land use/land cover (LULC) maps were generated with the pixel-based random forest machine learning algorithm, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and functional landscape metrics were calculated. The LULC maps are the first to track land use change, from 1987 to 2019 and the first to separately classify mature and secondary forest in the region, and have already proven useful for conservation efforts. The results suggest that forest cover, NDVI, EVI, and structural connectivity increased from 1987 to 2019 across the study area, both within and surrounding the PAs, suggesting minimal deforestation encroachment and local leakage. These changes may have contributed to the increasing vertebrate abundance observed in the region. PAs, especially national parks with stricter conservation regulations, displayed the highest forest cover and connectivity. Forest cover increased in properties receiving PES payments. Following the Forest Law's 1996 deforestation ban, both forest conversion and reforestation rates decreased, suggesting the law curbed deforestation but did not drive reforestation across the region. Connectivity outside of PAs slightly declined following the adoption of the law, so the subsequent forest growth likely occurred in mostly previously unforested areas. Forest expansion alone does not ensure connectivity. We highlight the importance of developing policies, PES programs, and monitoring systems that emphasize conserving and restoring large, connected forest patches for biodiversity conservation and landscape resilience. Resumen: Aunque las areas protegidas (APs) son una importante estrategia de conservacion para proteger ecosistemas y especies vulnerables, algunos analisis recientes cuestionan su eficacia para frenar la deforestacion y mantener la conectividad del paisaje. La distribucion espacial de los bosques dentro y fuera de las AP puede afectar el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y los movimientos de la fauna. La Peninsula de Osa-y Costa Rica en general-constituyen casos de estudio unicos de conservacion debido a su elevada biodiversidad, su extensa red de AP, sus politicas medioambientales y sus programas de Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA). Este estudio explora la relacion entre APs, la Ley Forestal de 1996, PSA, cobertura y metricas del paisaje en el area de Conservacion Osa (ACOSA). Se utilizo la plataforma Google Earth Engine API para procesar datos de Reflectancia Superficial Tier 1 Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper y Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager para 1987, 1998 y 2019, anos con imagenes satelitales relativamente libres de nubes. Se generaron mapas de uso del suelo con el algoritmo de aprendizaje automatico basado en pixeles Random Forest, y se calcularon el indice de vegetacion de diferencia normalizada (NDVI), el indice de vegetacion mejorado (EVI) y las metricas de paisaje funcionales. Estos mapas, los primeros en clasificar por separado los bosques maduros y secundarios de la region, han demostrado su utilidad para los esfuerzos de conservacion. Los resultados sugieren que la cobertura forestal, el NDVI, el EVI y la conectividad estructural aumentaron entre 1987 y 2019 en toda la region de estudio, tanto dentro de las AP como en sus alrededores, lo que sugiere una expansion minima de la deforestacion dentro y fuera de las AP. Estos cambios pueden haber contribuido al aumento de la abundancia de vertebrados observado en la region. Las AP, especialmente los parques nacionales con regulaciones de conservacion mas estrictas, mostraron la mayor cobertura forestal y conectividad. La cobertura forestal aumento en aquellas propiedades que recibieron PSA. Tras la prohibicion de la deforestacion por la Ley Forestal de 1996, disminuyeron tanto las tasas de conversion forestal como las de reforestacion, lo que sugiere que la ley freno la deforestacion, pero no impulso la reforestacion. La conectividad fuera de las AP disminuyo ligeramente tras la entrada en vigor de la ley, lo que sugiere que el crecimiento forestal posterior se produjo en zonas que antes no estaban forestadas. Por lo tanto, la expansion forestal por si sola no garantiza la conectividad. Resaltamos la importancia de desarrollar politicas, programas PSA y sistemas de monitoreo que hagan hincapie en la conservacion y restauracion de grandes zonas forestales conectadas para apuntalar la conservacion de la biodiversidad y la resiliencia del paisaje.
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页数:30
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