Green hydroxyapatite-zeolite catalyst derived from steel waste as an effective catalyst for the hydrocarbon production via co-catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and high-density polyethylene

Hydroxyapatite-zeolite (HAP-ZE) catalyst prepared from steel waste was utilised in co-catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for bio-oil production. The highest bio-oil yield (71.19 wt%) was obtained at HAP-ZE to SB/HDPE ratio of 1:6, and mass ratio of SB to HDPE of 40:60. HAP-ZE favoured the production of hydrocarbon and alcohol and inhibited the production of acid. The acid sites pro-moted the hydrogenation and deoxygenation via hydrocarbon pool while the basic sites promoted the deoxy-genation reactions via decarboxylation and decarbonylation. HAP-ZE large pores facilitates access of bulky pyrolyzates to active sites, promoting deoxygenation and hydrocarbons formation.