Labour agentry and subsequent adverse mental health outcomes: A follow-up study of the ARRIVE Trial

Objective: Labour can be traumatic for women who perceive they are not involved in decisions affecting their care during labour. Our objective was to assess the relation between labour agentry and subsequent mental health. Design: Follow-up cohort study. Setting: U.S. Tertiary care center. Population: Participants from Utah who participated in the ARRIVE (A Randomized Trial of Induction Versus Expectant Management) trial. Methods: During the ARRIVE trial, participants completed the Labor Agentry Scale twice, a validated questionnaire measuring perceived control of patients during childbirth. ARRIVE participants from Utah subsequently were asked to complete questions about mental health history and stressful events occurring since the trial, as well as surveys including the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) screen, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) screen. The lower quartile of both agentry measurements defined a person's ordinal agentry category, used for assessing cohort characteristics by exposure category. Continuous minimum agentry was included in adjusted modelling. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was a mental health composite including a positive screen for depression, anxiety, or PTSD or self-report of a diagnosis or exacerbation since their delivery. Results: In all, 766 of 1042 (74%) people responded to the survey (median 4.4, range 2.5-6.4 years after delivery) and 753 had complete data for analysis. In unadjusted comparisons across ordinal agentry category, lower agentry was significantly associated with the primary composite endpoint, and depressive symptoms (test of trend p = 0.003 primary, p = 0.004 depression). Lower labour agentry scores were associated with incremental odds of the primary endpoint (1 SD [24 units], adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.21, 95% CI 1.41-1.03), driven by depressive symptoms or self-reported diagnosis (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.47-1.05). Conclusions: Lower labour agentry at the time of birth was associated with a greater risk for mental health conditions years after delivery, indicating a potential opportunity for primary prevention of subsequent depression.