Systematic User-centered Design of a Prototype Clinical Decision Support System for Glaucoma

Purpose: To rigorously develop a prototype clinical decision support (CDS) system to help clinicians determine the appropriate timing for follow-up visual field testing for patients with glaucoma and to identify themes regarding the context of use for glaucoma CDS systems, design requirements, and design solutions to meet these requirements.Design: Semistructured qualitative interviews and iterative design cycles.Participants: Clinicians who care for patients with glaucoma, purposefully sampled to ensure a represen-tation of a range of clinical specialties (glaucoma specialist, general ophthalmologist, optometrist) and years in clinical practice.Methods: Using the established User-Centered Design Process framework, we conducted semistructured interviews with 5 clinicians that addressed the context of use and design requirements for a glaucoma CDS system. We analyzed the interviews using inductive thematic analysis and grounded theory to generate themes regarding the context of use and design requirements. We created design solutions to address these re-quirements and used iterative design cycles with the clinicians to refine the CDS prototype. Main Outcome Measures: Themes regarding decision support for determining the timing of visual field testing for patients with glaucoma, CDS design requirements, and CDS design features. Results: We identified 9 themes that addressed the context of use for the CDS system, 9 design re-quirements for the prototype CDS system, and 9 design features intended to address these design requirements. Key design requirements included the preservation of clinician autonomy, incorporation of currently used heu-ristics, compilation of data, and increasing and communicating the level of certainty regarding the decision. After completing 3 iterative design cycles using this preliminary CDS system design solution, the design was satis-factory to the clinicians and was accepted as our prototype glaucoma CDS system.Conclusions: We used a systematic design process based on the established User-Centered Design Pro-cess to rigorously develop a prototype glaucoma CDS system, which will be used as a starting point for a future, large-scale iterative refinement and implementation process. Clinicians who care for patients with glaucoma need CDS systems that preserve clinician autonomy, compile and present data, incorporate currently used heuristics, and increase and communicate the level of certainty regarding the decision.Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Ophthalmology Science 2023;3:100279 & COPY; 2023 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).