Understanding the role of beneficial elements in developing plant stress resilience: Signalling and crosstalk with phytohormones and microbes

Abiotic stresses like heavy metals, pesticides, salinity, drought and extreme temperatures impacting the normal growth and development of the plants and it is imperative to develop the novel methods to overcome the negative impact of abiotic stresses on the plant. Elements like cobalt, sodium, selenium and silicon are beneficial to plants, and these elements aid the plant to cope up with different extreme conditions and it was achieved by regulating transporter's activity, improving mineral acquisition, accumulating S-containing metabolites, mitigating reactive oxygen species production and boosting antioxidant defense responses. Beneficial elements regulate the biosynthesis of phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins, jasmonates, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, and salicylic acid, which directly related to the stress tolerance potential of the plants. Moreover, these beneficiary elements interact with growth promoting-soil microbes and the frequency of plant-microbial interactions potentially improves the stress tolerance level of a plant. Thus, this review focuses on the role of beneficial elements in developing plant stress resilience by the signaling and crosstalk with phytohormones and microbes.