Acute and chronic toxicity of manganese to tropical adult coral (Acropora millepora) to support the derivation of marine manganese water quality guideline values

Adult corals are among the most sensitive marine organisms to dissolved manganese and experience tissue sloughing without bleaching (i.e., no loss of Symbiodinium spp.) but there are no chronic toxicity data for this sensitive endpoint. We exposed adult Acropora millepora to manganese in 2-d acute and 14-d chronic experiments using tissue sloughing as the toxicity endpoint. The acute tissue sloughing median effect concentration (EC50) was 2560 & mu;g Mn/L. There was no chronic toxicity to A. millepora at concentrations up to and including the highest concentration of 1090 & mu;g Mn/L i.e., the chronic no observed effect concentration (NOEC). A coral-specific acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) (EC50/NOEC) of 2.3 was derived. These data were combined with chronic toxicity data for other marine organisms in a species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Marine manganese guidelines were 190, 300, 390 and 570 & mu;g Mn/L to provide long-term protection of 99, 95, 90, and 80 % of marine species, respectively.