Intensifying agricultural activity associated with rapid population growth in rural western Uganda exerts immense pressure on natural resources, threatening not only soil fertility in the uplands but also water quality of the region's many small crater lakes. To assess the relative risk of excess sediment and nutrient loading to individual lakes due to (inter) rill erosion within the catchments, we used the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and sediment delivery distributed model (SEDD) to estimate soil loss and sedimentation in 75 crater-lake catchments with diverse types and intensities of land use, including 17 catchments situated partly or entirely in national parks. We found that variation in potential soil loss (A(p)) among all studied catchments was strongly related to differences in mean slope within each catchment. We also found substantial seasonal variation in vegetation cover, and thus, estimated actual soil loss (A(m)), on both cultivated land and protected savanna grassland, whereas the vegetation cover of protected semi-deciduous tropical forest was seasonally stable. Lacking detailed field data to validate model output, we used the ratio between estimated actual soil loss (A(m)) and potential soil loss (A(p)) to evaluate the relative influences of land-use intensity and type, as well as the impact of protective measures. Our results showed that due to their characteristically steep slopes (21% on average), all crater catchments were highly susceptible to soil loss, and because most of them were small (203 ha on average), a large portion of the eroded material was transported to and deposited in the lakes. Given the strong dependence of the local population on these crater lakes as source of water and fish protein, and on the surrounding land for crop production, increased effort by environmental planners and managers is required to safeguard or restore the long-term availability of these natural resources. Avoiding bare soil conditions by restoring natural vegetation or employing agricultural techniques that provide high vegetation cover throughout the year are likely to result in considerable improvements.
