Chronically altered ventricular activation causes pro-arrhythmic cardiac electrical remodelling in the chronic AV block dog model

Aims Altered ventricular activation (AVA) causes intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (MD) and impedes contraction, promoting pro-arrhythmic electrical remodelling in the chronic atrioventricular block (CAVB) dog. We aimed to study arrhythmogenic and electromechanical outcomes of different degrees of AVA. Methods and results Following atrioventricular block, AVA was established through idioventricular rhythm (IVR; n = 29), right ventricular apex (RVA; n = 12) pacing or biventricular pacing [cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); n = 10]. After >= 3 weeks of bradycardic remodelling, Torsade de Pointes arrhythmia (TdP) inducibility, defined as >= 3 TdP/10 min, was tested with specific I-Kr-blocker dofetilide (25 mu g/kg/5 min). Mechanical dyssynchrony was assessed by echocardiography as time-to-peak (TTP) of left ventricular (LV) free-wall minus septum (Delta TTP). Electrical intraventricular dyssynchrony was assessed as slope of regression line correlating intraventricular LV activation time (AT) and activation recovery interval (ARI). Under sinus rhythm, contraction occurred synchronous (Delta TTP: -8.6 +/- 28.9 ms), and latest activated regions seemingly had slightly longer repolarization (AT-ARI slope: -0.4). Acute AV block increased MD in all groups, but following >= 3 weeks of remodelling IVR animals became significantly more TdP inducible (19/29 IVR vs. 5/12 RVA and 2/10 CRT, both P < 0.05 vs. IVR). After chronic AVA, intraventricular MD was lowest in CRT animals (Delta TTP: -8.5 +/- 31.2 vs. 55.80 +/- 20.0 and 82.7 +/- 106.2 ms in CRT, IVR, and RVA, respectively, P < 0.05 RVA vs. CRT). Although dofetilide steepened negative AT-ARI slope in all groups, this heterogeneity in dofetilide-induced ARI prolongation seemed least pronounced in CRT animals (slope to -0.8, -3.2 and -4.5 in CRT, IVR and RVA, respectively). Conclusion Severity of intraventricular MD affects the extent of electrical remodelling and pro-arrhythmic outcome in the CAVB dog model.