Relative importance between nitrification and denitrification to N2O from a global perspective

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N2O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N2O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N2O observations from 74 peer-reviewed articles. The average N2O emission derived from nitrification (N2On) was higher than that from denitrification (N2Od) worldwide. The ratios of nitrification-derived N2O to denitrification-derived N2O, hereof N2On:N2Od, exhibited large variations across terrestrial ecosystems. Although soil carbon and nitrogen content, pH, moisture, and clay content accounted for a part of the geographical variations in the N2On:N2Od ratio, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM):denitrifier ratio was the pivotal driver for the N2On:N2Od ratios, since the AOM:denitrfier ratio accounted for 53.7% of geographical variations in N2On:N2Od ratios. Compared with natural ecosystems, soil pH exerted a more remarkable role to dictate the N2On:N2Od ratio in croplands. This study emphasizes the vital role of functional soil microorganisms in geographical variations of N2On:N2Od ratio and lays the foundation for the incorporation of soil AOM:denitrfier ratio into models to better predict N2On:N2Od ratio. Identifying soil N2O derivation will provide a global potential benchmark for N2O mitigation by manipulating the nitrification or denitrification.