Potential of polyhydroxyalkanoate and nanocellulose from oil palm trunk as raw materials for additive manufacturing: A review

Additive manufacturing (AM) is beneficial due to its fast prototyping, non-complexity process, flexibility, which allows for a wide range of innovations. The AM presented in this review concentrated solely on the fused deposition modeling method. The application of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer in conjunction with AM technology in accordance with the interest of researchers in practicing sustainable development. Most studies discovered that the features of PHA, such as its brittleness, slow crystallization, and small processing window, may be overcome by blending it with other polymers. In particular, the physical and chemical properties of PHA have a strong influence on its printability in three-dimensional printing. Furthermore, this article discussed the use of nanocellulose as a reinforcing material in PHA blends due to its high-surface area, lightweight, and excellent biocompatibility. The limitations in creating and applying PHA were also highlighted, as it was expensive and difficult to process at high temperatures. Overall, this article provided an overview of AM, including the potential of oil palm trunk as a source of PHA and nanocellulose for bio-composite products.