Electric Vehicle Charging Station Pricing Control under Balancing Reserve Capacity Commitments

Electric vehicle charging stations are expected to become key players in the future sustainable power system. We propose a framework for using them to provide balancing services to the grid, by implementing charging price control laws that ensure they are able to deliver their committed balancing capacity. The control laws are based on a simplified linearization of the Coupled Traffic, Energy, and Charging (CTEC) model, incorporating electric vehicle routing and charging decisions based on the charging price and EV state of charge. Charging stations compete with each other and must ensure a certain number of charging vehicles to maintain their role as frequency containment reserves. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed pricing control scheme in maximizing charging station profits, without violating their balancing reserve capacity commitments.