Satellite-based land surface temperature and soil moisture observations accurately predict soil respiration in temperate deciduous and coniferous forests

Soil respiration, defined as the total flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil to the atmosphere, is a key ecosystem process that affects the regional and global carbon (C) cycles and is highly sensitive to temperature and soil moisture. It is challenging to quantify soil respiration at the ecosystem level from commonly used in-situ soil chamber measurements because of large spatial variability. Methods that provide temporally and spatially continuous estimates of soil respiration at various scales are vital to understand the impact of climate change on soil C stock. In this study, we evaluate three commonly used empirical models and a Random Forest machine learning algorithm applied to satellite derived estimates of land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture to estimate soil respiration in temperate deciduous and coniferous forests in Canada. The models were calibrated using in-situ soil temperature and moisture and validated against in-situ measurements of soil CO2 fluxes (gCm- 2day � 1) from automatic soil chambers. We separately evaluate the performance of nighttime and daytime satellite-based LST and soil moisture observations in modeling soil respiration. The soil respiration models were also evaluated at daily and monthly time scales against in-situ measurements. Results indicate that models based on satellite LST, and soil moisture can explain more than 70% of the variability in observed soil respiration. Nighttime LST at a monthly time scale resulted in consistently higher accuracy than daytime LST in estimating soil respiration. Satellite observations resulted in comparable accuracy in estimating soil respiration as in-situ measurements. Satellite LST and soil moisture observations are indispensable data sources to estimate soil respiration at ecosystem level and its upscaling to regional and global scales.