Delineation and histological examination of the intramuscular innervation of the platysma: Application to botulinum neurotoxin injection

This study aimed to identify the whole innervation pattern of the platysma using the Sihler's staining, and the axonal composition profile of the sensory-motor anastomosis identified by immunofluorescence assays. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the neural anatomy of the platysma and facilitate efficient and safe manipulation for neurotoxin injection. Ten fixed and two fresh hemifaces were included in this study. Sihler's staining was used to the study 10 fixed hemifaces and two fresh hemifaces were used for immunofluorescence assays. In all cases, the cervical branch of facial nerve (Cbr) broadly innervated the platysma, and the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (MMbr) provided supplementary innervation to the uppermost part of the platysma. The transverse cervical nerve (TCN), great auricular nerve (GAN), and supraclavicular nerve (SCN) were observed in the lower half of the platysma. In 30% of all cases, there was a communicating loop between the Cbr and TCN. In 20% of all the cases, a communicating branch joined between the Cbr and GAN. For successful esthetic rejuvenation procedures, a clinician should consider the Cbr distribution to the overall platysma and additionally innervation by individual nerves (MMbr, GAN, TCN, and SCN) to the middle and lower portions of the platysma muscle.