Ankle osteoarthritis: current concepts in the treatment

Treatment of ankle osteoarthritis represents a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Recently, interest has been increasing in both nonoperative and alternative operative options. The new functional demands of patients have prompted a focus on both new fields of therapies, like orthobiology, and the advancement of existing treatments. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of current concepts in literature about the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. Despite the literature showed interesting findings, many controversies remain. In particular, studies with a higher level of evidence and a longer follow-up are needed.