CO2-brine interface evolution and corresponding overpressure in high-gravity CO2 storage complex

Technical and economic feasibility of large-scale CO2 geological storage projects (GCS) requires storing the maximum possible amounts of CO2 within a given pore space. However, one limitation is attributed to the overpressure that accompanies CO2 injection. Specifically, reliable estimation of the bottom-hole pressure during CO2 injection is essential to optimize the storage potential of the formation while ensuring the integrity of the rock. Several studies presented analytical/semi-analytical solutions to predict the overpressure accompanying CO2 injection. Nevertheless, they neglect the effects of gravity override on the temporal evolution of the plume and/or the bottom-hole pressure. Effects of gravity can be quantified by the dimensionless group "gravity number" which measures the relative importance of the gravitational-to-viscous forces within system. A lower gravity number expresses a more uniform/cylindrical displacement of CO2. Conversely, biasness of CO2 flow towards the top of the injection zone translates to a larger gravity number. The main objective of this work is to develop an analytical model able to predict the bottom-hole pressure during CO2 injection through a vertical well centered in the middle of a high-gravity thick saline aquifer. While accounting for the effects of gravity, the proposed solution will be developed assuming vertical equilibrium of pressure with a sharp interface separating the injected CO2 and the in-situ brine. First, we develop a closed-form analytical solution to estimate the evolution of CO2/brine interface considering strong gravity effects. The closed-form solution is based on extending the semi-analytical and/or the iterative expressions previously derived in the literature to predict the evolution of the plume during the injection period. Then, the interface model will be coupled with the assumption of the vertical equilibrium to obtain an analytical solution for the pressure field during injection. Next, the proposed solution for the evolution of pressure will be validated against numerical simulations for cases covering wide and practical ranges of gravity numbers and mobility ratios. The solution will be also validated against real field data to determine its robustness. Predictions of the overpressure from our analytical solution indicate a reasonable agreement with the simulations performed using a more complicated multi-phase flow simulator.