Cost-Effectiveness Comparison of Carbon-Ion Radiation Therapy and Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: Carbon-ion radiation therapy (CIRT) is a treatment option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that results in better outcomes with fewer side effects despite its high cost. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CIRT for HCC from medical and economic perspectives by comparing CIRT and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with localized HCC who were ineligible for surgery or radiofrequency ablation. Methods and Materials: This study included 34 patients with HCC who underwent either CIRT or TACE at Gunma University between 2007 and 2016. Patient characteristics were employed to select each treatment group using the propensity score matching method. Life years were used as the outcome indicator. The CIRT technical fee was 3163,140,000; however, a second CIRT treatment on the same organ within 2 years was performed for free. Results: Our study showed that CIRT was dominant over TACE, as the CIRT group had a higher life year (point estimate, 2.75 vs 2.41) and lower total cost (mean, 3164,974,278 vs 3165,284,524). We conducted a sensitivity analysis to validate the results because of the higher variance in medical costs in the TACE group, which demonstrated that CIRT maintained its cost effectiveness with a high acceptability rate. Conclusions: CIRT is a cost-effective treatment option for localized HCC cases unsuitable for surgical resection. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Radiation Oncology. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).