Traumatic brain injury risk assessment with smart technology

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) continue to burden our warfighters. The high-tech industry has delivered wearable Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) head-impact sensors to monitor impact forces. So far, these MEMS sensors have categorically failed to detect mTBIs and are therefore of no clinical utility for diagnosis. Our recent studies have shown that human head kinematics is anisotropic with respect to pitch-roll-yaw degrees of freedom of the head and neck. In the present project, we generated head acceleration datasets on non-injurious impacts and mTBI events based on mean values from the literature. We then augmented the simulated data with pitch-roll-yaw information followed by machine learning with a Classification and Regression Tree analysis. Our results revealed that head angular acceleration in pitch is the best predictor. More than 81.3 % of concussive injuries had head angular accelerations in pitch exceeding 3527 rad/s(2). Out of 18.6% of concussive injuries with head angular accelerations in pitch under 3527 rad/s(2), 75% of these cases had head angular accelerations in roll exceeding 1679 rad/s(2). This study shows that artificial intelligence and machine learning should be able to provide accurate identification of subject-specific concussive thresholds in real time and in the field, thereby moving concussion diagnosis toward precision medicine.