Real-time, in situ measurement of H2O generated during in situ combustion tests using 1f-normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection

The development and deployment of areal-time, in situ, non-invasive sensor to monitor the concentration of H2O during in situ combustion (ISC) experiments with a heavy-crude oil is described. A real-time sensor to monitor the gas-phase products from ISC can support the study of the kinetics of the complex chemical reactive system in ISC. The mole fraction of H2O was measured using tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption spectroscopy coupled with 1 f-normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and 2f detection. The WMS 2f /1 f strategy was used to enhance sensitivity with effective noise rejection, particularly suitable when characterizing the water vapor evolved from oil-water emulsions. H2O was measured at 3934.10 cm-1 from the fundamental band v3. That transition was selected using the HITRAN database to increase the line strength and minimize interference from neighbor compounds. Measurements of H2O concentration were conducted at ambient temperature and pressure using a reference cell (H2O = 2% at 98.6 kPa) to validate the sensor architecture under controlled laboratory envi-ronments. The TDL sensor was also successfully validated during real ISC experiments involving heavy-crude oil. Validation and combustion experiments showed the potential of the TDL-based sensor for non-invasive, real-time, in situ measurements of gas-phase species in conditions similar to those of laboratory-scale experimental ISC tests.(c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group