'Nothing has changed, South Africa's sub-imperialist role has been reinforced': Samir Amin's durable critique of apartheid/post-apartheid political economy

Samir Amin's critiques of both apartheid-era and post-apartheid political economy contributed to his scathing view of the crucial 'semi-peripheral' layer of the world system, a perspective typically ignored in binary formulations of Global North and Global South. Amin's 1977 article 'The future of South Africa' was among his first statements of how, using that era's dependency theory language, 'South African capital requires an outward policy of expansionism, so that ultimately, internal colonialism becomes coterminous with sub-imperialism'. Amin also labeled post-apartheid South Africa sub-imperialist because of the domination of 'monopoly capital' in the extractive-industry circuits (depleting what Marx called 'free gifts of nature') and the below-survival-level wages that have long shaped the economic structure. Two other coterminous factors were Pretoria's imposition of continent-wide neoliberalism through the New Partnership for Africa's Development and the Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS network - both of which proved incapable of transcending neoliberal economic policies insisted upon by contemporary imperialism. Following the BRICS 2023 Sandton summit's elite failure to advance de-dollarisation or other 'delinking' strategies, Amin would nod, knowingly, when hearing the term 'sub-imperial' to describe the bloc - and look for inspiration instead to successes of grassroots campaigners.