Pathologies of the shoulder joint

Clinical issue: The movements and stability of the human shoulder are a complex dynamic interaction between several joints, muscles and ligaments, which on the one hand enable extensive mobility and on the other hand must provide the necessary stability. Furthermore, the complexity of the shoulder is increased by a large number of normal variants. This article aims to explain the relevant anatomical structures and the radiological examination techniques necessary to visualize them. Standard radiological procedures: Various modalities contribute to the examination of the shoulder. These include X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Methodological innovation: It is important to use the various procedures appropriately. Especially with MRI arthrography, it is necessary to pay attention to suitable sequences and possibly additional examination positions. Practical recommendation: The multimodal examination of the shoulder can contribute to the diagnosis of numerous clinical pictures. Anatomical and methodological foundations are essential for this.